• Make the stadium co-exist with other educational facilities
• Consider sharing parking spaces with a high school
• Investigate shared locker room opportunities
• Discover opportunities to build simultaneously and reduce costs

Storm Drainage & Detention Ponds

• Realize that large paved areas cause greater run-off
• Consider that storm water detention, if required, consumes large site areas
• Prepare detention pond facility for safety during storm conditions
• Note that landscaped retention ponds are more expensive than detention ponds

Water Distribution

• Consider a main fire line surrounding complex
• Remember to design for peak demand at public toilets
• Provide quick-connect hydrants in grandstands for wash-down
• Understand water meter options and related impact fees

Overall Design Considerations

• Orient playfield north-south
• Slightly NW to SE is best for solar conditions in the United States
• Face press box and home team stands to the east to avoid afternoon sun
• Consider concession/toilet locations at stadium corners, end zones or behind stands
• Access grandstands aisles via a crossaisle at the base, top or mid-level
• Remember that stands can also be accessed from below through vomitory openings
• Note that stands can be split into upper and lower sections
• Consider that economical grandstand configuration relates closely to site topography
• Note that a concourse, without a field view, can be created below grandstands or an open concourse, with a field view, can be created beneath grandstands
• Realize that a stadium with a track is less intimate than one without

Sightlines

• Allow wheelchair patrons to see over others standing in front per ADA requirements
• Consider ability to view sideline performances
• Maintain sightline visibility to a four-foot high focal point at the sideline

Wayfinding Graphics

• Guide patrons from nearby off-site locations to their seats through wayfinding efforts
• Create signage character that exemplifies the stadium’s brand
• Systematize graphics presentation for maximum legibility

Building Design Issues

• Determine appropriate riser construction
• Aluminum and steel riser construction is least expensive – about $150 per seat
• Ground-supported concrete is a very durable option – about $200 to $225 per seat
• Elevated concrete stands are durable but expensive – about $300 or more per seat.

Reserved Seating

• Include folding chair back seating for season ticket holders – usually about 1,000 seats are located at the center of home stands
• Note that this seating area may require wider platforms than adjacent typical bench seating
• Consider width of individual chairs for seating comfort – chair widths range from 18 to 22 inches
• Control access to this seating area and consider elevator access

Press Box Size and Design

• Study two-story versus one-story configurations
• Note that the press box is the most expensive part, per square foot, of the complex
• Provide at least two fire stairs and determine whether they must extend to grade for existing purposes
• Consider a total-vision glass system for unobstructed viewing
• Remember that elevator speed and capacity are important functions
• Provide chair rails and other measures to protect finishes
• Design lighting and interior colors to prevent veiling reflections off glass
• Provide for open air listening for band competitions

Locker Rooms

• Consider four-team locker rooms in lieu of two for playoff venues
• Realize doubled traffic issues associated with scheme

Project Specific Details

• Investigate the newest generation of in-fill turf systems that have revolutionized surface performance and durability
• These systems also tend to reduce incidence of athletic injuries
• Design bowl to provide drainage in addition to percolation through the surface in the event of major storms
• Consider safety wall padding at bowl perimeter, if applicable
• Provide paved track at edge of field for maintenance vehicles

Track and Field Events

• Research track surfacing materials to determine the most appropriate system
• Consider the joint durability between track and turf surface
• Contemplate dual straight-aways for large practice or competition events
• Consider impact of jump pit locations, if in the field surface
• Provide nearby storage areas for track equipment, etc.

Sports Lighting

• Minimum maintained footcandles for UIL 10,000 seats = 50fc
• Minimum recommended maintained footcandles for TV broadcast = 70fc
• MCAA recommended footcandles for TV broadcast = 100fc
• Light pole distance from field affects number of fixtures required and height
• Light pollution may be an issue, requiring baffles on lights, which reduce efficiency

Scoreboard

• Research viability of sponsored scoreboard and scoreboard ad revenues
• Maximize instant replay, streaming video and other marketing opportunities
• Remember that trained, high-tech staff must operate the scoreboard

Video, Sound System and Technology

• Provide press box video balcony or deck at center of field
• Allow room for multiple tripods, operators and equipment cases
• Provide power and cabling to network as well as remote TV production van(s)
• Consider CCTV to concessions and press box booths
• Allow Internet access at all press box seats
• Install sound system with complete and audible coverage including speakers under concealed areas and adjustable ambient speakers to press box booths
• Pipe ambient crowd noise to interior press box spaces

Mark VanderVoort, AIA, a senior vice president at HKS Inc. He can be reached at mvandervoort@hksinc.com.

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